Arterial Hypertension: etiology, clinical course, and treatment strategies

Abstract

Arterial hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders worldwide, affecting millions of individuals across various age groups and demographics. Its prevention and effective management remain critical priorities in global healthcare systems, given its association with increased risk of severe complications such as stroke, heart attack, heart failure, kidney damage, and premature death. This article reviews the most recent scientific findings concerning the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and evolving treatment modalities for arterial hypertension. The pathophysiology of hypertension is explored in detail, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to its onset and progression. Additionally, the article highlights the growing understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in hypertension, including the role of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and vascular remodeling.